The challenge of diagnosing childhood tuberculosis (TB) results from its paucibacillary nature and the difficulties of sputum collection in children. Mycobacterial culture, the diagnostic gold standard, provides microbiological confirmation in only 30% to 40% of childhood pulmonary TB cases and takes up to 6 weeks to result. Conventional drug susceptibility testing requires an additional 2 to 4 weeks after culture confirmation. In response to the low sensitivity and long wait time of the traditional diagnostic approach, many new assays have been developed. These new tools have shortened time to result; however, none of them offer greater sensitivity than culture.
Keywords: Childhood tuberculosis; Diagnosis; Drug susceptibility testing; Interferon-γ release assay; Line probe assays; Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay; Nitrate reductase assay; Xpert MTB/RIF.
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