ReviewCerebral amyloidal angiopathy—A disease with implications for neurology and psychiatry
Introduction
Cerebral Amyloidal Angiopathy (CAA) belongs to the group of amyloidoses (Biffi and Greenberg, 2011), which constitute a heterogenic range of diseases. Amyloidoses are characterized by an interstitial deposition and accumulation of proteins potentially affecting all body tissues, which are modified pathologically as to their secondary structure and are, in most cases, indissoluble (Merlini and Bellotti, 2003). These proteins, existing in the form of fibrillates, are referred to as amyloid and lead to tissue destruction and a progredient impairment of the corresponding organ function (Merlini and Bellotti, 2003, Perfetto et al., 2010). The term Cerebral Amyloidal Angiopathy also refers to a heterogenic group of illnesses of the central nervous system differing by their genetic and biochemical characteristics (Biffi and Greenberg, 2011), which can be characterized histopathologically by the presence of amyloidal fibrils in small to medium-sized, in most cases, arterial vessels of the brain. Spontaneously appearing intracerebral bleeding (ICB), which affects mostly superficial regions of the cortex, constitutes the leading symptom of CAA (Pezzini et al., 2009, Viswanathan and Greenberg, 2011). While the incidence of ICB with patients younger than 75 has decreased these last few years due to efficient antihypertensive pharmacotherapy, patients older than 74 present an increase of said incidence. Besides other factors, this can be explained by the age-dependent incidence of CAA (Lovelock et al., 2007). Clues of CAA can be found with over 50% of patients aged between 70 and 89, while it is rare under the age of 55 (Yoshimura, 2000). On the background of demographic modifications, a further increase in the prevalence of CAA may be observed in the future (Block, 2011).
CAA is considered to be a neurological disease, but can also appear with symptoms requiring psychiatric treatment. The present review paper shall enable an insight into the historical, epidemiologic, pathogenetical and clinical aspects of CAA. Possible psychiatric implications will be discussed as well.
Section snippets
Methods
A narrative review was conducted. In September 2012 the Medline database was searched using the search term “cerebral amyloid angiopathy”. Initally, n=1812 hits were retrieved. Considering only publications written in English the original number of hits decreased to n=1628. Titles and abstracts of these articles were checked for their relevance to this article. Finally, n=147 publications were considered for this review article.
Psychiatric implications of CAA
Though CAA is mainly a neurological illness, it can also appear bearing psychiatric symptoms. Currently there are no studies that address the possible psychiatric implications of CAA systematically. In the following we aim at discussing aspects of CAA that might be relevant to psychiatry.
Due to CAA being a chronic progredient illness of the central nervous system, the development of slight psychiatric symptoms during the disease progression is conceivable, especially in the first stages of CAA,
Conclusions
Apart from the typical clinical presentation of CAA that includes ICB, cerebral ischaemia and transient neurological symptoms such as cognitive impairment and dementia as well as depression, behavioural problems and/or personality change are plausible clinical manifestations of CAA. This implicates that CAA might be a disease with relevance to psychiatry. In this connection it is important to keep in mind that CAA might be the cause for occasionally unspecific psychopathological abnormalities,
Acknowledgments
None.
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2019, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Limited tau PET observations have shown asymmetric tau deposition, left greater than right in the majority of patients, in temporoparietal, occipital, and anterior temporal lobe regions, with more severely affected patients showing more uptake in anterior temporal regions than less affected individuals (Fig. 12.4D) (Ossenkoppele et al., 2016; Dronse et al., 2017). CAA often presents with a symptomatic, spontaneous local hemorrhage that causes either a focal neurologic deficit, headache, or impairment in consciousness (Gahr et al., 2013) and is associated with amyloid pathology largely in the walls of small cerebral arteries and capillaries (Viswanathan and Greenberg, 2011). CAA patients show significant vascular abnormalities on MRI.
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2018, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Cerebrovascular amyloidosis (CA) is a disease of the small blood vessels in the brain and is widely associated with both VaD and AD (Korczyn et al., 2012; Smith and Greenberg, 2009). CA is characterized by the deposition of Aβ plaques along the small arteries in the brain leading to changes in vascular lumen that may precipitate the onset of ischemia and hippocampal sclerosis (Gahr et al., 2013). The severity of cerebrovascular amyloid deposition has been linked to activity of several enzymes known to degrade amyloid peptides.
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2017, Revue NeurologiqueCitation Excerpt :Neuropsychological impairment in CAA has been described over the past 20 years [2,4,5]. The symptoms most commonly reported are perceptual speed, episodic memory, semantic memory, attention and executive function, and global cognitive impairments (see Gahr et al. [6] for a review). Psychiatric symptoms, such as personality changes, behavioral disturbances and depression, have been more recently described [7].