The references covered in this review come mostly from a search of journals and books published in English and Spanish in the past decades. The review includes the most advance knowledge on dengue today.
ReviewDengue: an update
Section snippets
Disease burden and global situation
Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) are increasingly important public health problems in the tropics and subtropics. Dengue has been recognised in over 100 countries and 2–5 billion people live in areas where dengue is endemic. Yearly, an estimated of 50–100 million cases of DF and several hundred thousand cases of DHF occur, depending on epidemic activity. About 250 000–500 000 cases of DHF are officially notified annually; however, the true incidence is not very well known.5
Clinical picture
Most dengue infections are symptomless or very mild characterised by undifferentiated fever with or without rash mainly in infants and young children. Older children and adults may develop a mild febrile syndrome or typical DF consisting of high fever, severe headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, and maculopapular rash. Signs of skin bleeding such as positive tourniquet test, petechiae, or ecchymosis are observed in some patients. DF cases with bleeding complications such as
Dengue diagnosis–still a need
Three factors have been fundamental in dengue diagnosis: development of ELISAs for dengue-specific IgM detection; mosquito cell lines and monoclonal antibody development for viral isolation and identification; and, most recently, the introduction of reverse transcriptase PCR for molecular diagnosis and strain characterisation. These three methods cover the serological, virological, and molecular diagnosis of dengue.30
Once an individual is infected, an incubation period of 7–10 days occurs. 2
What we know about DHF and what we don't
For years, DHF pathogenesis has been a controversial matter. Some workers argued that secondary infection was the main factor in the severity of this disease, whereas others pointed to viral virulence.60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 Today, the majority view is that secondary infection is the main risk factor for DHF; however, other factor such as viral virulence and host characteristics are also of utmost importance.
DHF occurs as a consequence of a very complex mechanism where virus, host, and host
Dengue control—a challenge?
Today we are closer to getting a dengue vaccine, although problems remain to be solved. For decades, scientists have considered that a dengue vaccine should provide protective immunity to the four serotypes to avoid the ADE phenomenon.105 However, we are facing a new challenge. The report of DHF 20 years after the primary infection and the higher severity observed when secondary infection occurs after long interval compared with shorter interval give a new dimension to this disease and
Search strategy and selection criteria
References (110)
- et al.
Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
Lancet
(1998) Is there an inapparent dengue explosion?
Lancet
(1999)- et al.
Dengue virus (serotype 3) circulation in endemic countries and its reappearance in America
Arch Med Res
(2000) Global warming and mosquito-borne disease in USA
Lancet
(1996)- et al.
Fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever in Cuba, 1997
Int J Infect Dis
(1999) - et al.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a study of 56 confirmed cases
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
(1994) - et al.
Neurological manifestations of dengue infection
Lancet
(2000) - et al.
Fatal primary dengue infections in Brazil
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
(1999) - et al.
Dengue in the Caribbean: virus isolation in a mosquito (Aedes pseudoscutellaris) cell line
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
(1979) Molecular evolution and distribution of dengue viruses type 1 and 2 in nature
Virology
(1990)
Complete genomic sequence of a dengue type 2 virus from the French West Indies
Biochem Bioph Res Comm
An ELISA procedure for the diagnosis of dengue infections
J Virol Methods
Evaluation of an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for dengue diagnosis
J Clin Virol
Evaluation of three commercially available kits for serological diagnosis of dengue haemorrhagic fever
Diagnostic Microbiol Infect Dis
Why dengue haemorrhagic fever in Cuba? 2: an integral analysis
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
Cytokines in dengue virus infections: role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever
Semin Virology
Definition of an epitope on NS3 recognized by human CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones cross-reactive for dengue types 2, 3 and 4
Virology
Antibody-enhanced binding of dengue-2 virus to human platelets
Virology
The causes and consequences of genetic variation in dengue virus
Trends Microbiol
An account of the bilious remitting fever, as it appeared in Philadelphia in the summer and autumn of the year 1780
Dengue, a comparatively new disease: its symptoms
Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera
J Gen Virol
Molecular biology of dengue viruses
Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever and its emergence in the Americas
World Health Statist Quart
Strengthening implementation of the global strategy for dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever, prevention and control
Report of the informal consultation, 18–20 October 1999
Scientific working group on dengue. Meeting report, Geneva, Switzerland, 3–5 April 2000
La emergencia de la fiebre hemorragica del dengue en las Americas: re-emergencia del dengue
Rev Cub Med Trop
Enfermedades virales emergentes
Rev Cub Med Trop
Epidemiology of yellow fever: current status and speculations on future trends
The world wealth report
Life in the 21st century. A vision for all
Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases
Emerg Infect Dis
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: guidelines for prevention and control
Scientific publication no. 548
Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
Clinical spectrum and management of dengue haemorrhagic fever
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Health
Epidemiological studies on dengue in Santiago de Cuba, 1997
Am J Epidemiol
Clinical observations on virologically confirmed fatal dengue infections in Jakarta, Indonesia
Bull World Health Organ
Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: lessons from the Cuban epidemic, 1981
Bull World Health Organ
Clinical manifestations of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Puerto Rico, 1990–1991
Rev Panam Salud Publica
Advances in dengue diagnosis
Clin Diagnostic Immunol
Comparative sensitivity of three mosquito cell lines of dengue viruses
Bull World Health Organ
A simple technique for demonstrating transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes without the use of vertebrate hosts
Am J Trop Med Hyg
Comparative susceptibility of five species of Toxorhynchities mosquitoes to parenteral infection with dengue and other flaviviruses
Am J Trop Med Hyg
Rapid identification of dengue virus isolates by using monoclonal antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescence assay
Am J Trop Med Hyg
Laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infections
Isolation of dengue 2 in C636/HT cells by rapid centrifugation/shell vial assay. Comparison with conventional virus isolation method
J Clin Microbiol
Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
J Clin Microbiol
Rapid detection of virus genome from imported dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever patients by direct polymerase chain reaction
J Med Virol
Typing of dengue virus in clinical specimens and mosquitoes by single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR
J Clin Microbiol
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