Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The imaging of cartilaginous bone tumours. I. Benign lesions

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Skeletal Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Benign cartilage tumours of bone are the most common benign primary bone tumours and include osteochondroma, (en)chondroma, periosteal chondroma, chondroblastoma and chondromyxoid fibroma. These neoplasms often demonstrate typical imaging features, which in conjunction with lesion location and clinical history, often allow an accurate diagnosis. The aim of this article is to review the clinical and imaging features of benign cartilage neoplasms of bone, as well as the complications of these lesions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Brien EW, Mirra JM, Luck Jr JV. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. II. Juxtacortical cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28:1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH. Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2000;20:1407–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Saglik Y, Altay M, Unal VS, Basarir K, Yildiz Y. Manifestations and management of osteochondromas: a retrospective analysis of 382 patients. Acta Orthop Belg. 2006;72:748–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hameetman L, Szuhai K, Yavas A, Knijnenburg J, van Duin M, van Dekken H, et al. The role of EXT1 in nonhereditary osteochondroma: identification of homozygous deletions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:396–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bovee JV, Hogendoorn PC, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Cartilage tumours and bone development: molecular pathology and possible therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:481–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Garcia RA, Inwards CY, Unni KK. Benign bone tumors—recent developments. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2011;28:73–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Taitz J, Cohn RJ, White L, Russell SJ, Vowels MR. Osteochondroma after total body irradiation: an age-related complication. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004;42:225–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bordigoni P, Turello R, Clement L, Lascombes P, Leheup B, Galloy MA, et al. Osteochondroma after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report of eight cases. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29:611–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Faraci M, Bagnasco F, Corti P, Messina C, Fagioli F, Podda M, et al. Osteochondroma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood. An Italian study on behalf of the AIEOP-HSCT group. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:1271–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. De Smet L, Degreef I. Bilateral osteochondroma of the scaphoid causing scapholunate dissociation: a case report. Chir Main. 2007;26:141–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Takagi T, Matsumura T, Shiraishi T. Lunate osteochondroma: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30:693–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nogier A, De Pinieux G, Hottya G, Anract P. Case reports: enlargement of a calcaneal osteochondroma after skeletal maturity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;447:260–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Joshi D, Kumar N, Singh D, Lal Y, Singh AK. Osteochondroma of the talus in a male adolescent. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005;95:494–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee SK, Jung MS, Lee YH, Gong HS, Kim JK, Baek GH. Two distinctive subungual pathologies: subungual exostosis and subungual osteochondroma. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:595–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bozkurt M, Dogan M, Turanli S. Osteochondroma leading to proximal tibiofibular synostosis as a cause of persistent ankle pain and lateral knee pain: a case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004;12:152–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Carpintero P, Leon F, Zafra M, Montero M, Berral FJ. Fractures of osteochondroma during physical exercise. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:1003–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mohsen MS, Moosa NK, Kumar P. Osteochondroma of the scapula associated with winging and large bursa formation. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15:387–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kirkos JM, Papavasiliou KA, Kyrkos MJ, Kapetanos GA. Bursal osteochondromatosis overlaying an osteochondroma in the immature skeleton. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2007;16:160–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Guy NJ, Shetty AA, Gibb PA. Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: an unusual presentation of a fibular osteochondroma. Knee. 2004;11:497–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Argin M, Biceroglu S, Arkun R, Parildar M. Solitary osteochondroma causing popliteal pseudoaneurysm that presented as a mass lesion. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2007;13:190–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Blazick E, Keeling WB, Armstrong P, Letson D, Back M. Pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery associated with osteochondroma—a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005;39:355–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Turan Ilica A, Yasar E, Tuba Sanal H, Duran C, Guvenc I. Sciatic nerve compression due to femoral neck osteochondroma: MDCT and MR findings. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:403–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gray KV, Robinson J, Bernstein RM, Otsuka NY. Splitting of the common peroneal nerve by an osteochondroma: two case reports. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13:281–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim JY, Ihn YK, Kim JS, Chun KA, Sung MS, Cho KH. Non-traumatic peroneal nerve palsy: MRI findings. Clin Radiol. 2007;62:58–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Reichmister J, Reeder JD, Gold DL. Osteochondroma of the distal clavicle: an unusual cause of rotator cuff impingement. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2000;29:807–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reize F, Buess E. Humeral osteochondroma causing a subscapularis tear: a rare source of shoulder dysfunction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Onga T, Yamamoto T, Akisue T, Marui T, Kurosaka M. Biceps tendinitis caused by an osteochondroma in the bicipital groove: a rare cause of shoulder pain in a baseball player. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:241–244.

  28. Lamovec J, Spiler M, Jevtic V. Osteosarcoma arising in a solitary osteochondroma of the fibula. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123:832–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Florez B, Monckeberg J, Castillo G, Beguiristain J. Solitary osteochondroma long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2008;17:91–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoshi M, Takami M, Hashimoto R, Okamoto T, Yanagida I, Matsumura A, et al. Spontaneous regression of osteochondromas. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:531–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bernard SA, Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Kransdorf MJ. Improved differentiation of benign osteochondromas from secondary chondrosarcomas with standardized measurement of cartilage cap at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2010;255:857–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosheger G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W. Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:832–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lee KC, Davies AM, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Imaging the complications of osteochondromas. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:18–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brien EW, Mirra JM, Kerr R. Benign and malignant cartilage tumors of bone and joint: their anatomic and theoretical basis with an emphasis on radiology, pathology and clinical biology. I. The intramedullary cartilage tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 1997;26:325–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Marco RA, Gitelis S, Brebach GT, Healey JH. Cartilage tumors: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:292–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Flemming DJ, Murphey MD. Enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2000;4:59–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ryzewicz M, Manaster BJ, Naar E, Lindeque B. Low-grade cartilage tumors: diagnosis and treatment. Orthopedics. 2007;30:35–46. quiz 47–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Douis H, Davies AM, James SL, Kindblom LG, Grimer RJ, Johnson KJ. Can MR imaging challenge the commonly accepted theory of the pathogenesis of solitary enchondroma of long bone? Skeletal Radiol. 2012; doi:10.1007/s00256-012-1387-4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Amary MF, Bacsi K, Maggiani F, Damato S, Halai D, Berisha F, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours. J Pathol. 2011;224:334–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kransdorf MJ, Peterson JJ, Bancroft LW. MR imaging of the knee: incidental osseous lesions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2007;15:13–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Levy JC, Temple HT, Mollabashy A, Sanders J, Kransdorf M. The causes of pain in benign solitary enchondromas of the proximal humerus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:181–186.

  42. Walden MJ, Murphey MD, Vidal JA. Incidental enchondromas of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1611–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lopez-Martin N, De Miguel I, Calvo E. Rotator cuff impingement due to enchondroma of the acromion. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71:732–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shenoy R, Pillai A, Reid R. Tumours of the hand presenting as pathological fractures. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:192–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Potter BK, Freedman BA, Lehman Jr RA, Shawen SB, Kuklo TR, Murphey MD. Solitary epiphyseal enchondromas. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1551–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jones KB, Buckwalter JA, Frassica FJ, McCarthy EF. Intracortical chondroma: a report of two cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:298–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. deSantos LA, Spjut HJ. Periosteal chondroma: a radiographic spectrum. Skeletal Radiol. 1981;6:15–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Robinson P, White LM, Sundaram M, Kandel R, Wunder J, McDonald DJ, et al. Periosteal chondroid tumors: radiologic evaluation with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:1183–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Woertler K, Blasius S, Brinkschmidt C, Hillmann A, Link TM, Heindel W. Periosteal chondroma: MR characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25:425–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matsushima K, Matsuura K, Kayo M, Gushimiyagi M. Periosteal chondroma of the rib possibly associated with hemothorax: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:E31–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sinha S, Singhania GK, Campbell AC. Periosteal chondroma of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Br. 1999;24:747–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hagiwara Y, Hatori M, Abe A, Tanaka K, Kokubun S. Periosteal chondroma of the fifth toe—a case report. Ups J Med Sci. 2004;109:65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Peidro L, Suso S, Alcantara E, Ramon R. Periosteal chondroma of the clavicle. Skeletal Radiol. 1996;25:406–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ricca Jr RL, Kuklo TR, Shawen SB, Vick DJ, Schaefer RA. Periosteal chondroma of the cuboid presenting in a 7-year-old-boy. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:145–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ishida T, Iijima T, Goto T, Kawano H, Machinami R. Concurrent enchondroma and periosteal chondroma of the humerus mimicking chondrosarcoma. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27:337–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yamamoto Y, Washimi O, Yamada H, Washimi Y, Itoh M, Kuroda M. Concurrent periosteal chondroma and enchondroma of the fibula mimicking chondrosarcoma. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:302–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Emecheta IE, Bernhards J, Berger A. Carpal enchondroma. J Hand Surg Br. 1997;22:817–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. An YY, Kim JY, Ahn MI, Kang YK, Choi HJ. Enchondroma protuberans of the hand. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:40–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dobert N, Menzel C, Ludwig R, Berner U, Diehl M, Hamscho N, et al. Enchondroma: a benign osseous lesion with high F-18 FDG uptake. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27:695–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Geirnaerdt MJ, Hermans J, Bloem JL, Kroon HM, Pope TL, Taminiau AH, et al. Usefulness of radiography in differentiating enchondroma from central grade 1 chondrosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1097–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Boyea SR, Bojescul JA, Sweet DE, Temple HT. Enchondroma versus chondrosarcoma in the appendicular skeleton: differentiating features. Radiographics. 1998;18:1213–37. quiz 1244–1215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Weiner SD. Enchondroma and chondrosarcoma of bone: clinical, radiologic, and histologic differentiation. Instr Course Lect. 2004;53:645–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Geirnaerdt MJ, Hogendoorn PC, Bloem JL, Taminiau AH, van der Woude HJ. Cartilaginous tumors: fast contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2000;214:539–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Skeletal Lesions Interobserver Correlation among Expert Diagnosticians (SLICED) Study Group. Reliability of histopathologic and radiologic grading of cartilaginous neoplasms in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:2113–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Eefting D, Schrage YM, Geirnaerdt MJ, Le Cessie S, Taminiau AH, Bovee JV, et al. Assessment of interobserver variability and histologic parameters to improve reliability in classification and grading of central cartilaginous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:50–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bui KL, Ilaslan H, Bauer TW, Lietman SA, Joyce MJ, Sundaram M. Cortical scalloping and cortical penetration by small eccentric chondroid lesions in the long tubular bones: not a sign of malignancy? Skeletal Radiol. 2009;38:791–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kendell SD, Collins MS, Adkins MC, Sundaram M, Unni KK. Radiographic differentiation of enchondroma from low-grade chondrosarcoma in the fibula. Skeletal Radiol. 2004;33:458–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gajewski DA, Burnette JB, Murphey MD, Temple HT. Differentiating clinical and radiographic features of enchondroma and secondary chondrosarcoma in the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:240–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Davila JA, Amrami KK, Sundaram M, Adkins MC, Unni KK. Chondroblastoma of the hands and feet. Skeletal Radiol. 2004;33:582–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ramappa AJ, Lee FY, Tang P, Carlson JR, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ. Chondroblastoma of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82-A:1140–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Suneja R, Grimer RJ, Belthur M, Jeys L, Carter SR, Tillman RM, et al. Chondroblastoma of bone: long-term results and functional outcome after intralesional curettage. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:974–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lin PP, Thenappan A, Deavers MT, Lewis VO, Yasko AW. Treatment and prognosis of chondroblastoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;438:103–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fink BR, Temple HT, Chiricosta FM, Mizel MS, Murphey MD. Chondroblastoma of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:236–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schuppers HA, van der Eijken JW. Chondroblastoma during the growing age. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1998;7:293–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Viswanathan S, Jambhekar NA, Merchant NH, Puri A, Agarwal M. Chondroblastoma of bone—not a " benign disease": clinico-pathologic observations on sixty cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2004;47:198–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Rybak LD, Rosenthal DI, Wittig JC. Chondroblastoma: radiofrequency ablation—alternative to surgical resection in selected cases. Radiology. 2009;251:599–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Maheshwari AV, Jelinek JS, Song AJ, Nelson KJ, Murphey MD, Henshaw RM. Metaphyseal and diaphyseal chondroblastomas. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40:1563–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hameed MR, Blacksin M, Das K, Patterson F, Benevenia J, Aisner S. Cortical chondroblastoma: report of a case and literature review of this lesion reported in unusual locations. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:295–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ozkoc G, Gonlusen G, Ozalay M, Kayaselcuk F, Pourbagher A, Tandogan RN. Giant chondroblastoma of the scapula with pulmonary metastases. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:42–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gebert C, Hardes J, Streitburger A, Vieth V, Burger H, Winkelmann W, et al. Chondroblastoma of the acromion mimicking fibrous dysplasia. Acta Orthop Belg. 2004;70:616–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Mayo-Smith W, Rosenberg AE, Khurana JS, Kattapuram SV, Romero LH. Chondroblastoma of the rib. A case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;230-4.

  82. Matsuno T, Hasegawa I, Masuda T. Chondroblastoma arising in the triradiate cartilage. Report of two cases with review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol. 1987;16:216–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Akai M, Tateishi A, Machinami R, Iwano K, Asao T. Chondroblastoma of the sacrum. A case report. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57:378–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Singh J, James SL, Kroon HM, Woertler K, Anderson SE, Jundt G, et al. Tumour and tumour-like lesions of the patella—a multicentre experience. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:701–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Harish K, Janaki MG, Alva NK. “Primary” aggressive chondroblastoma of the humerus: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zafatayeff-Hasbani S, Ducou Le Pointe H, Josset P, Damsin JP, Montagne JP. Intra-articular recurrence of benign chondroblastoma with articular involvement at initial presentation—a case report. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2006;16:291–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jambhekar NA, Desai PB, Chitale DA, Patil P, Arya S. Benign metastasizing chondroblastoma: a case report. Cancer. 1998;82:675–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bloem JL, Mulder JD. Chondroblastoma: a clinical and radiological study of 104 cases. Skeletal Radiol. 1985;14:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Brower AC, Moser RP, Kransdorf MJ. The frequency and diagnostic significance of periostitis in chondroblastoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154:309–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Humphry A, Gilday DL, Brown RG. Bone scintigraphy in chondroblastoma. Radiology. 1980;137:497–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hamada K, Ueda T, Tomita Y, Higuchi I, Inoue A, Tamai N, et al. False positive 18F-FDG PET in an ischial chondroblastoma; an analysis of glucose transporter 1 and hexokinase II expression. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:306–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Quint LE, Gross BH, Glazer GM, Braunstein EM, White SJ. CT evaluation of chondroblastoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1984;8:907–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Weatherall PT, Maale GE, Mendelsohn DB, Sherry CS, Erdman WE, Pascoe HR. Chondroblastoma: classic and confusing appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:467–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Oxtoby JW, Davies AM. MRI characteristics of chondroblastoma. Clin Radiol. 1996;51:22–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Yamamura S, Sato K, Sugiura H, Iwata H. Inflammatory reaction in chondroblastoma. Skeletal Radiol. 1996;25:371–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Jee WH, Park YK, McCauley TR, Choi KH, Ryu KN, Suh JS, et al. Chondroblastoma: MR characteristics with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23:721–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kaim AH, Hugli R, Bonel HM, Jundt G. Chondroblastoma and clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiological and MRI characteristics with histopathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31:88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lersundi A, Mankin HJ, Mourikis A, Hornicek FJ. Chondromyxoid fibroma: a rarely encountered and puzzling tumor. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;439:171–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Schajowicz F, Gallardo H. Chondromyxoid fibroma (fibromyxoid chondroma) of bone. A clinico-pathological study of thirty-two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971;53:198–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Beggs IG, Stoker DJ. Chondromyxoid fibroma of bone. Clin Radiol. 1982;33:671–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Wilson AJ, Kyriakos M, Ackerman LV. Chondromyxoid fibroma: radiographic appearance in 38 cases and in a review of the literature. Radiology. 1991;179:513–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Yamaguchi T, Dorfman HD. Radiographic and histologic patterns of calcification in chondromyxoid fibroma. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27:559–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Sharma H, Jane MJ, Reid R. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the foot and ankle: 40 years' Scottish bone tumour registry experience. Int Orthop. 2006;30:205–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Fujiwara S, Nakamura I, Goto T, Motoi T, Yokokura S, Nakamura K. Intracortical chondromyxoid fibroma of humerus. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:156–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Takenaga RK, Frassica FJ, McCarthy EF. Subperiosteal chondromyxoid fibroma: a report of two cases. Iowa Orthop J. 2007;27:104–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Baker AC, Rezeanu L, O'Laughlin S, Unni K, Klein MJ, Siegal GP. Juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma of bone: a unique variant: a case study of 20 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:1662–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Song DE, Khang SK, Cho KJ, Kim DK. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the sternum. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1948–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Mizuno K, Sasaki T, Prado G, Saito Y, Kakizaki H, Matsumoto K, et al. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the scapula associated with aneurysmal bone cyst. Radiat Med. 1999;17:383–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Macdonald D, Fornasier V, Holtby R. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the acromium with soft tissue extension. Skeletal Radiol. 2000;29:168–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Nakazora S, Kusuzaki K, Matsumine A, Seto M, Fukutome K, Uchida A. Case report: chondromyxoid fibroma arising at the clavicular diaphysis. Anticancer Res. 2003;23:3517–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Brat HG, Renton P, Sandison A, Cannon S. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the sacrum. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:1800–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Douis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Douis, H., Saifuddin, A. The imaging of cartilaginous bone tumours. I. Benign lesions. Skeletal Radiol 41, 1195–1212 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-012-1427-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-012-1427-0

Keywords

Navigation