Characteristics of the reported cases of AON in association with cocaine use reported so far
| Authors | Age/sex | Presentation | Underlying condition/comorbidities | Endoscopic findings | Management | Outcome/complications |
| Shafa et al15 | 25/M | DKA, melena, acute anaemia and dysphagia | Insulin-dependent DM and HTN. Alcoholic, cocaine and cannabis user | Circumferential necrosis throughout the oesophagus and a mid-oesophageal stricture 5 cm in length | Gastrostomy tube and supportive therapy | Recovered strictures |
| Altenburger et al16 | 45/F | Found unresponsive | Cocaine and alcohol abuse | On autopsy examination, the oesophagus was black with ischaemic necrosis | Died | |
| Pineo and Pineo17 | 30/M | Epigastric pain of 1-day duration, haematemesis and weakness | Cocaine, bupropion and amphetamine overdose | Oesophageal necrosis | PPI, intravenous opioids and nasogastric tube insertion for presumptive small bowel obstruction | Died |
| Singh et al18 | 49/M | Dysphagia, haematemesis, acute renal failure, severe GERD | Achalasia, CHF, anaemia, heavy alcohol, tobacco, cocaine use | Necrotic appearing friable areas of spontaneous bleeding | NPO, intravenous PPI twice daily, 100 U of botulinum toxin injected at LOS | Recovered |
AON, acute oesophageal necrosis; CHF, congestive heart failure; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; DM, diabetes mellitus; GORD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; HTN, hypertension; LOS, lower oesophageal sphincter; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.