Thank you for your suggestion to add other risk factors the patient
could have had which may have lead to his diagnosis. According to the
records, the patient did have exposures to both radiation and petroleum.
Varying sizes and quality of clots are seen in severe rheaumatic
mitral valve stenosis, especially in Asian subcontinent.
LA clots are also found in patients with non-valvular atrial
fibrillation, but to a lesser extent as compared to rheumatic valvular
disesase and are seen more in the advanced world.
The clots can be fresh ones or multilayered organised clots or a mixture of the two.
In severe mitral stenosis, because...
Varying sizes and quality of clots are seen in severe rheaumatic
mitral valve stenosis, especially in Asian subcontinent.
LA clots are also found in patients with non-valvular atrial
fibrillation, but to a lesser extent as compared to rheumatic valvular
disesase and are seen more in the advanced world.
The clots can be fresh ones or multilayered organised clots or a mixture of the two.
In severe mitral stenosis, because of the obvious stasis of blood in LA,
there are high possibilities of clot formation, and this is seen more so in the
Indian subcontinent due to poor patinet compliance with anticoagulation
therapy and this is a major issue in the management of patients with
rheumatic mitral stenosis.This leads to various complications such as Stroke,
TIA, and embolisation to various other systemic organs and lower limbs
ausing ischemia.
It is important to treat these patients as an urgent case for LA clot
removal and Mitral valve repalcement along with surgical management of
lower limb ischemia.
I deeply appreciated the excellent description and discussion of the case in this paper. I would suggest one more piece of information to be given to the readers; not only genetic factors play a relevant role in the male breast cancers' web of causation but some, mainly occupational, exposures do too. I would therefore find it useful to know which work the patient practised, and if this occupation involved exposure to high le...
I deeply appreciated the excellent description and discussion of the case in this paper. I would suggest one more piece of information to be given to the readers; not only genetic factors play a relevant role in the male breast cancers' web of causation but some, mainly occupational, exposures do too. I would therefore find it useful to know which work the patient practised, and if this occupation involved exposure to high levels of heat (e.g. in consequence of being assigned to an industrial oven). Yours sincerely Roberto
We read with interest this case series having seen several nerf gun
eye injuries in our own department. A search of the electronic patient
records revealed 17 such cases since 2014. Of these 12 were male and 5
female with 9 under the age of 18. Analysis of the primary injury revealed
5 hyphemas, 5 cases of traumatic iritis, 2 corneal abrasions, 1 case of
commotio retinae and 1 case of angle recession with the risk of glau...
We read with interest this case series having seen several nerf gun
eye injuries in our own department. A search of the electronic patient
records revealed 17 such cases since 2014. Of these 12 were male and 5
female with 9 under the age of 18. Analysis of the primary injury revealed
5 hyphemas, 5 cases of traumatic iritis, 2 corneal abrasions, 1 case of
commotio retinae and 1 case of angle recession with the risk of glaucoma.
In addition this placed an additional strain on an already stretched
eye casualty as many of the patients required treatment with an average of
3 visits with 1 patient requiring 8 visits.
We therefore support the authors call for patients and parents to be
aware of the types of 'bullets' used and to use eye protection to prevent
significant eye injuries.
I greatly appreciate the well-advised comments from the reader on my
case report, ''Fatal air embolism
following local anaesthetisation: does needle size matter?''. (1) They
discuss the significance of proper positioning prior to performing the
biopsy. While having the appropriate hemithorax in ipsilateral-dependent
position certainly minimizes the motion and reduces the risk of air
embolism as the core biopsy needle tra...
I greatly appreciate the well-advised comments from the reader on my
case report, ''Fatal air embolism
following local anaesthetisation: does needle size matter?''. (1) They
discuss the significance of proper positioning prior to performing the
biopsy. While having the appropriate hemithorax in ipsilateral-dependent
position certainly minimizes the motion and reduces the risk of air
embolism as the core biopsy needle traverses the lung parenchyma; our case
report was meant to emphasize the risk of air embolism during the
administration of local anesthetic where the needle typically does not
penetrate any significant portion of lung parenchyma.
Since 25-gauge needle is very small and usually not linked to air
embolisms, we discussed that all the risk factors (including improper
positioning) that are associated with air embolism during core biopsy are
applicable to smaller Lidocaine needle as well. In our patient, it is
likely that positioning in addition to negative intra-thoracic pressure
generated by patient's cough resulted in air embolism.
1. Khalid F, Rehman S, AbdulRahman R, Gupta S. Fatal air embolism
following local anaesthetisation: does needle size matter? BMJ Case Rep.
2018;2018.
I read with interest Dunne et al's paper kite surfing: epidemiology
of trauma. They state that 'a comprehensive review of EMBASE, PubMed and
Google Scholar was conducted' and that 'the search strategy included
medical subject headings (MeSH) kitesurf/kitesurfing/kitesurfing
hip/kitesurfing pelvis/kitesurfing fracture/kitesurfing injury'. At the
time of writing, (3 April 2018) none of these terms may be found in the
MeSH...
I read with interest Dunne et al's paper kite surfing: epidemiology
of trauma. They state that 'a comprehensive review of EMBASE, PubMed and
Google Scholar was conducted' and that 'the search strategy included
medical subject headings (MeSH) kitesurf/kitesurfing/kitesurfing
hip/kitesurfing pelvis/kitesurfing fracture/kitesurfing injury'. At the
time of writing, (3 April 2018) none of these terms may be found in the
MeSH thesaurus (https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search), and MeSH terms would
not, in any case, have helped in a search of EMBASE or of Google Scholar.
Existing papers in MEDLINE on kite surfing injuries have been indexed with
the term Athletic Injuries, and no subordinate terms yet exist. A more
productive strategy might have been to search titles and abstracts using
the strings kite* ADJ3 surf* OR kitesurf*.
A search using these strings on the HDAS interface finds 29 results in
MEDLINE and 33 in EMBASE.
A more elaborate strategy for the other concept in the search, that of
pelvic and acetabular fractures is certainly possible using a combination
of controlled vocabulary and natural language terms.
I have several points about this interesting case report.
1/ The first point that surprised me is this: apparently, this
patient has had neither at the end of the procedure nor after an
intercostal infiltration with long-acting local anaesthetic drug
2/ Then this could have helped in both diagnosis and treatment. The
disappearing or alleviation of pain would have clearly identified the
intercostal nerv...
I have several points about this interesting case report.
1/ The first point that surprised me is this: apparently, this
patient has had neither at the end of the procedure nor after an
intercostal infiltration with long-acting local anaesthetic drug
2/ Then this could have helped in both diagnosis and treatment. The
disappearing or alleviation of pain would have clearly identified the
intercostal nerve injury and even broken the vicious circle of chronic
pain if it had been done early after the onset. It would have also allowed
an earlier onset of physiotherapy and potentially avoided such a risky and
aleatory end for this chronic pain
3/ About the mechanistic hypothesis
Intercoastal nerve injury in thoracoscopy procedures is dependent on
technique, size of the device and skill of the surgeon. It is a rather
frequent complication of those procedures and prevention is key. It is
mainly based on a surgical approach just at the upper edge of the rib in
order to avoid any damage to the vessels which lead to a haematoma
compressing the nerve or directly to the nerve
4/ chronic pain is a neurobiological issue
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12931188) which is the result of a
persistent lesion of a peripheral nerve. Complex neurologic and epigenetic
mechanisms are at the root of chronic pain and personal traits are
associated to the development of chronic pain
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355225)(https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/137/3/724/389996).
In my experience, one of the worst treatment for chronic pain in a
thoracic surgical incision is systemic opioids
(https://journals.lww.com/painrpts/Fulltext/2017/03000/Postoperative_pain_from_mechanisms_to_treatment.1.aspx).
In this setting it is probable that strong and fast movements during the
short swim can have released some local fibrous tissue in the wound and
that a severe stress can have interrupted the vicious circle of chronic
pain which is dependent on a central thalamic role
(https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Neuroscience/neuroscience-5-1075.pdf)
5/ Is cold a biting bystander in this case?
We know on the contrary that cold could lead to neuropathy in case of
chronic cold but non-freezing
exposure(https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/140/10/2557/4100656). When
cold is used for neurolysis it is with a cryoprobe and temperatures at the
tip of the probe which is in contact with the nerve (CT guided procedure)
is minus 50 Celsius. It is clear that the swimming episode did not reach
this range of temperature.
This case report is clearly mysterious and in absence of imagery and
testing of the nerves, it is at odd to conclude of any direct action of
cold water immersion on neuropathy.
Rheumatic heart disease leading to mitral stenosis is seen more
often in the developing countries than in the developed world. The
patients are quite asymptomatic at rest until the 2nd or 3rd decade, when
they may present with various signs and symptoms like
dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations, easy fatigebility,
dizziness, coughing up blood, chest pain or discomfort, and swelling in
legs and upto 15% of patients may pr...
Rheumatic heart disease leading to mitral stenosis is seen more
often in the developing countries than in the developed world. The
patients are quite asymptomatic at rest until the 2nd or 3rd decade, when
they may present with various signs and symptoms like
dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations, easy fatigebility,
dizziness, coughing up blood, chest pain or discomfort, and swelling in
legs and upto 15% of patients may present with signs of systemic emboli as
a first sign like transient ischemic attack, stroke, or suddden pain in
abdomen due to gut ischemia or a renal infarct. Embolic phenomenon are
seen in mitral stenosis patients with atrial fibrillation, but sometimes
even patients in sinus rythm may present with clinical features of
sytemic emboli.
In the above case, a young women presented with a history of
parasthesia and dysarthria, for the first time. Given that she was a young
Mexican lady, a high level suspicion should have been on the cardiac
origin of emboli and along with CT brain to rule out
stroke , a 2-D cardiac echo study would have been very useful to rule out
any emboli in the left heart. The echo would have given the appropriate
diagnosis and guided the proper anticoagulation therapy and a further
mitral valve replacement as the final treatment.
In conclusion, a young patient presenting with a TIA/stroke/hemiparesis
needs a thorough assessment of the source of the systemic emboli and thus
a very high level of suspicion for cardiac origin.
I read with interest your case report (1), however I have to make the
critical comment, that patient position in your case indeed was one
essential factor of air embolism.
You attempted to biopsy a lung nodule of the left lower lobe in dorso-
lateral position with patient placed in prone oblique position on the
right side. You should have placed patient in ipsilateral-dependent
position, in other words on the side of the n...
I read with interest your case report (1), however I have to make the
critical comment, that patient position in your case indeed was one
essential factor of air embolism.
You attempted to biopsy a lung nodule of the left lower lobe in dorso-
lateral position with patient placed in prone oblique position on the
right side. You should have placed patient in ipsilateral-dependent
position, in other words on the side of the nodule, which is the left
side!
Only in this position the motion of the appropriate hemithorax is reduced
and only in this position the biopsy can be performed below the level of
the left atrium.
Or, as we have stated in our paper (2), "lateral lesions can be biopsied
in supine position or from the back in ipsilateral dependent position"
Best regards,
Gernot Rott
1. Khalid F, Rehman S, AbdulRahman R, Gupta S: Fatal air embolism
following local anaesthetisation: does needle size matter? BMJ Case
Reports, February 2018, 2018:bcr-2017-222254
2. Rott G, Boecker F: Influenceable and avoidable risk factors for
systemic air embolism due to percutaneous ct-guided lung biopsy: patient
positioning and coaxial biopsy technique-case report, systematic
literature review, and a technical note. Radiol Res Pract 2014;2014:1-8.
It has been known for years that kerion celsi can be misdiagnosed as
bacterial infection and that incision and drainage is not only unnecessary
but inappropriate treatment. (See these: Journal of Pediatric Surgery
Volume 42, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages e33-e36; Feetham JE, Sargant N
Kerion celsi: a misdiagnosed scalp infection Archives of Disease in
Childhood 2016;101:503; and finally British Association of Dermatologists'...
It has been known for years that kerion celsi can be misdiagnosed as
bacterial infection and that incision and drainage is not only unnecessary
but inappropriate treatment. (See these: Journal of Pediatric Surgery
Volume 42, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages e33-e36; Feetham JE, Sargant N
Kerion celsi: a misdiagnosed scalp infection Archives of Disease in
Childhood 2016;101:503; and finally British Association of Dermatologists'
guidelines for the management of tinea capitis 2014)
Unfortunately this case report leaves the impression that I&D of
"scalp abscesses" was necessary and appropriate treatment. It is so widely
recognized that surgical treatment of these cases is not necessary, it is
not always mentioned in guidelines.
It would be wise to include an editors comments along these lines or
perhaps suggested further reading?
Thank you for your suggestion to add other risk factors the patient could have had which may have lead to his diagnosis. According to the records, the patient did have exposures to both radiation and petroleum.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
Varying sizes and quality of clots are seen in severe rheaumatic mitral valve stenosis, especially in Asian subcontinent. LA clots are also found in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, but to a lesser extent as compared to rheumatic valvular disesase and are seen more in the advanced world. The clots can be fresh ones or multilayered organised clots or a mixture of the two. In severe mitral stenosis, because...
I deeply appreciated the excellent description and discussion of the case in this paper. I would suggest one more piece of information to be given to the readers; not only genetic factors play a relevant role in the male breast cancers' web of causation but some, mainly occupational, exposures do too. I would therefore find it useful to know which work the patient practised, and if this occupation involved exposure to high le...
We read with interest this case series having seen several nerf gun eye injuries in our own department. A search of the electronic patient records revealed 17 such cases since 2014. Of these 12 were male and 5 female with 9 under the age of 18. Analysis of the primary injury revealed 5 hyphemas, 5 cases of traumatic iritis, 2 corneal abrasions, 1 case of commotio retinae and 1 case of angle recession with the risk of glau...
I greatly appreciate the well-advised comments from the reader on my case report, ''Fatal air embolism following local anaesthetisation: does needle size matter?''. (1) They discuss the significance of proper positioning prior to performing the biopsy. While having the appropriate hemithorax in ipsilateral-dependent position certainly minimizes the motion and reduces the risk of air embolism as the core biopsy needle tra...
I read with interest Dunne et al's paper kite surfing: epidemiology of trauma. They state that 'a comprehensive review of EMBASE, PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted' and that 'the search strategy included medical subject headings (MeSH) kitesurf/kitesurfing/kitesurfing hip/kitesurfing pelvis/kitesurfing fracture/kitesurfing injury'. At the time of writing, (3 April 2018) none of these terms may be found in the MeSH...
I have several points about this interesting case report.
1/ The first point that surprised me is this: apparently, this patient has had neither at the end of the procedure nor after an intercostal infiltration with long-acting local anaesthetic drug
2/ Then this could have helped in both diagnosis and treatment. The disappearing or alleviation of pain would have clearly identified the intercostal nerv...
Rheumatic heart disease leading to mitral stenosis is seen more often in the developing countries than in the developed world. The patients are quite asymptomatic at rest until the 2nd or 3rd decade, when they may present with various signs and symptoms like dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations, easy fatigebility, dizziness, coughing up blood, chest pain or discomfort, and swelling in legs and upto 15% of patients may pr...
I read with interest your case report (1), however I have to make the critical comment, that patient position in your case indeed was one essential factor of air embolism. You attempted to biopsy a lung nodule of the left lower lobe in dorso- lateral position with patient placed in prone oblique position on the right side. You should have placed patient in ipsilateral-dependent position, in other words on the side of the n...
It has been known for years that kerion celsi can be misdiagnosed as bacterial infection and that incision and drainage is not only unnecessary but inappropriate treatment. (See these: Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 42, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages e33-e36; Feetham JE, Sargant N Kerion celsi: a misdiagnosed scalp infection Archives of Disease in Childhood 2016;101:503; and finally British Association of Dermatologists'...
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