Description

An 11-month-old, developmentally normal, female infant presented with acute-onset fever, vomiting, shallow breathing and gradually progressive lethargy for the past 2 days. There was no history of seizures, neck stiffness, focal motor deficits, cranial nerve palsies, tone changes, rash, diarrhoea, recurrent encephalopathies, abnormal body odour, recurrent infections or hospitalisations, drug or toxin ingestion. Her past and family history was not contributory. On examination, anthropometric parameters were normal for age. She had mild pallor, angular cheilitis, wrist widening, tachypnea (respiratory rate 58/min) with acidotic breathing. She was conscious with fluctuations in alertness (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) E4M5V2) and irritability with reduced spontaneous activity, mild hypotonia, preserved antigravity movements, brisk muscle stretch reflexes, bilateral extensor plantar response, absence of oculomotor abnormalities, cranial nerve palsies or bulbar signs and normal fundi. Rest of the systemic examination was unremarkable. A clinical diagnosis of acute febrile encephalopathy was considered.

Laboratory investigations showed …