Description

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac meant to reduce the friction between surfaces.1 A bursa can be superficial when present between the skin and underlying tendon or bone such as the prepatellar, infrapatellar, olecranon bursa or superficial calcaneal.2 Deep bursae are located deep to the facia, typically between muscles, tendon, and bones.3 4 Trauma, particularly repetitive, overuse, haemorrhage and, crystal disease, infection, are some of the common causes for inflammation of the bursa leading to bursitis.1 3 5 6 There could be systemic illness in some cases, and in a few, the cause remains unknown.7 Occupation and habitual or practices predispose certain types known by eponyms such as prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid’s knee, and superficial infrapatellar bursitis synonymous with clergyman’s knee.8 The bursa with chronic inflammation may have calcification or become a solid lump losing its fluid content.7 9 This case depicts such a case wherein the patient presented with painful swelling.

A 58-year-aged man, clerical by job, presented to our outpatient department with painful swelling (Visual Analogue Score of 4/10) over the anterior aspect of the right knee just inferior to the patella for almost a year (figure 1A). He had a history of minor trauma to the knee. On examination, the lump was solitary, slightly tender and roughly measured 5×5 cm with slight discoloration of the overlying skin. Extremes knee flexion and extension aggravated the pain. The blood investigations, including a complete blood count, acute phase reactants, were within the normal limit. The serum uric acid and autoimmune markers such as the antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and the anti-citric citrullinated peptide were also unremarkable. Radiological investigations included an X-ray of the knees where the soft tissue swelling could be appreciated without any calcification or ossification (figure 1B). A MRI revealed a well-defined, subcutaneous, elliptical mass in the midline, which was superficial to the tibial tuberosity. The mass was hypointense on T1-weighted but hyperintense on T2-weighted and fat-suppressed images associated with surrounding subcutaneous oedema (figure 2A–C). The patient was counselled for an excisional biopsy. Under local anaesthesia, a midline incision was made and the mass was removed in toto and sent for histopathological examination (figure 2D). The macroscopic examination revealed a soft to firm yellowish mass without any haemorrhage, necrosis or gritty sensation on cutting. Microscopic examination revealed chronic inflammation tissue covered with fibrinous debris (figure 2E).

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Figure 1

Clinical picture of patient showing the lump (A). (B) The x-ray revealing the soft-tissue swelling without calcification/ ossification.

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Figure 2

MRI findings axial and sagittal showing fluid filled sac (A–C); excised mass (D) and histopathological study displaying chronic inflammatory tissue covered with fibrinous debris; 20×; H&E stain (E).

Infrapatellar bursitis can be a source of anterior knee pain.10 11 Common mechanism is repetitive injury from prolonged kneelings such as a cleaner or clergyman. Some people give a relation of trauma as in our case in the absence of habitual practice. Most remain painless, yet situations with extremes of movement like squatting, which is standard practice in rural Indian set-up, may cause stimulation of nociceptive mechanoreceptors leading to pain as reported by our patient. Pain can also arise due to infection or inflammatory disease of deep infrapatellar bursa (DIPB).11 Taylor found gout affecting DIPB,12 while Klein has reported DIPB secondary to Osgood Schatter disease.13 Inflammation of DIPB will produce localised tenderness and thickening of the soft tissues posterior medial and lateral to the patellar tendon. Continued mechanical irritation of an inflamed bursa could lead to fibrosis and calcification.14Ultrasonography can be handy for detecting soft-tissue changes and bursitis in the carpet layer.15 Aspiration of a bursa and subjecting to microbiological gram staining is a must in suspicion of infective pathology. The role of fine-needle aspiration and cytology is doubtful. Arora et al found negative in two attempts.9

The differential diagnosis includes infective and tumorous conditions such as tenosynovitis giant cell, tumour, fibromatosis, haemangioma, or malignant conditions like synovial sarcomas, especially in the presence of speckled calcification.9 14

The treatment in acute cases includes rest, ice compression, and elevation (RICE therapy) with medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In large non-infectious swellings, the bursa can be aspirated, and intrabursal steroid injections could be used. Infectious bursitis require antibiotics and in some instances could require surgical drainage as well.16 Chronic bursitis is usually painless and can be treated with observation if not interfering with activities of daily living. However, patinets with cosmetic concern, acute excerbation of pain or secondary infection would rerquire a removal of bursa. The infrapetallar bursa if supercial like our case is easily accesible for surgical excsion. But, for DIPB, recently, an endoscopic resection has been described.11

Infrapatellar bursitis is more common in repetitive knee trauma, but sometimes aetiology remains elusive. At the same time, awareness of the lesions helps arrive at the correct diagnosis, which, in turn, helps in proper management.