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Description
Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole is a commonly prescribed antibiotic, mainly used in the treatment of urinary tract infection. Other indications included treatment of infections, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci, Toxoplasma gondii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Although this drug is well tolerated, it often causes dermatological side effects like simple exanthems, fixed drug reaction, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systematic symptoms and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.1 Here, we describe a case of morbilliform drug eruptions induced by trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole.
A 19-year-old Japanese woman presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of fever and rash. Seven days prior, she had fever, low back pain and urinary symptoms, which was consistent with urinary tract infection. She was initially treated with oral trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole 160 mg/800 mg twice daily for 7 days. With 1 week of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, she developed a diffuse maculopapular, erythematous rash. On physical examination, her body temperature was 38.4℃. Diffuse erythema was noted over the face, neck, trunk, arms,and legs (figure 1). She had no mucosal involvement. Laboratory tests showed no evidence of eosinophilia. Kidney and liver function tests were normal. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole was discontinued. On day 2, her fever subsided, and diffuse erythema gradually improved. Testing for measles and rubella IgM antibody was negative. We clinically diagnosed her as morbilliform drug eruptions, caused by trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. On day 7, all drug-induced erythema disappeared, without residual hyperpigmentation and desquamation.
Morbilliform drug eruptions are the most common reactions produced by drugs and account for 95% of cutaneous reactions.2 Morbilliform drug eruptions, also called exanthematous drug eruptions or maculopapular drug eruptions, present as diffuse, symmetrically distributed rashes composed of red macules and papules.3 The rash is morbilliform (meaning ‘measles-like’), which often mimics the rash of measles and rubella. Japan has recently experienced a nationwide outbreak of measles and rubella among young adolescents.4 5 Therefore, prompt diagnosis of morbilliform drug eruption is challenging because it may appear similar to the rash seen in measles and rubella.
Morbilliform drug eruptions typically appear 4–21 days after taking the causative medications.4 Therefore, the time course of skin reactions relative to the drug administration is an important clue to differentiate viral exanthems from drug-induced exanthems. Morbilliform drug eruptions reach the maximal extent within 2 days after the drug is discontinued, and fade within a week after the elimination of the drug.3 Resolution after a medication is discontinued also helps to identify the causative drug.
Associated symptoms with morbilliform drug eruptions include pruritus and low-grade fever.6 Of the 25 morbilliform drug eruptions, pruritus was present in 22 cases (88%) and was more severe than in rashes from other causes.7 Fever was more often present in viral exanthems (91%) than in morbilliform drug eruptions (15%). On laboratory evaluation, serum C reactive protein and absolute eosinophil count tend to be higher in morbilliform drug eruptions than virally induced skin eruptions, which might help in differentiating skin eruptions.8
Physicians should be aware of typical presentation of morbilliform drug eruptions to differentiate from viral exanthems by the time course, associated symptoms and laboratory evaluation.
Patient’s perspective
A mother’s perspective:at first, we worried about viral infections, such as measles and rubella. I did not know trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole caused drug eruptions. When our doctors explained how trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole caused drug eruptions and when these skin lesions would fade, we were relieved.
Learning points
Morbilliform drug eruptions typically appear 4–21 days after taking the causative medications.
Morbilliform drug eruptions reach the maximal extent within 2 days after the drug is discontinued and fade within a week after the elimination of the drug.
Footnotes
Contributors DT cared the patient and wrote the report. Both authors read and approved the final version of the report.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Obtained.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.