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Abstract
Coronary aneurysm located just above the left main coronary artery (LMT) is rare and difficult to treat. How the aneurysm is accessed is very important as it determines the result of the surgery. A 70-year-old man with a large coronary aneurysm (40 mm in diameter) in the LMT underwent surgery to prevent its rupture; however, there was severe adhesion. Initially, dissection of the ascending aorta or the pulmonary artery seemed necessary to access the aneurysm; however, the process was possible with limited dissection between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery, and we succeeded in firmly closing the LMT site of entry.
- cardiovascular medicine
- cardiothoracic surgery
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Background
Recently, cases of giant coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) of coronary lesions have presented good operative results1–3; however, aneurysms that occur in areas other than the frontal and inferior areas and the lateral side are more difficult to treat. Only a few studies have reported giant CAA in the left main coronary artery (LMT).1 2 Here we describe a case of a giant saccular CAA located just above the LMT on the left side of the aorta and the posterior side of the main pulmonary artery.
Case presentation
A 70-year-old man who previously had not undergone catheter examination or treatment presented with progression of chest oppression. He had no history of Kawasaki disease during childhood and other aneurysms. Cardiac catheterisation revealed double-vessel disease in the left descending artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA), with a giant saccular coronary aneurysm of the LMT. Coronary artery CT (CACT) demonstrated a giant saccular CAA with a diameter of 40 mm on the posterior side of the main pulmonary artery. Blood flow was additionally noted from the RCA and the left circumflex artery into the aneurysm. According to the cardiovascular team’s assessment, the LMT site of entry of the aneurysm was too large to be treated by covered stenting and the margin was too short to touch up covered stenting at the LMT. There was also the problem of treating the feeding arteries. Therefore, surgery was recommended.
The patient underwent surgery to prevent rupture and angina (figure 1). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was established via cannulations of the ascending artery and both the vena cava. On the anterior surface of the pulmonary artery, meandering vessels that seemed to flow into the aneurysm were ligated. Coronary artery bypass was performed at the RCA and LAD with saphenous veins. Then, peeling of the adhesion off the surrounding tissue of the CAA was attempted; however, the pulmonary and ascending arteries were so severely adhered. As a result, the aneurysm was exposed just enough to access between the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery. Following aortic cross-clamping and cardiac arrest, the wall of the aneurysm was dissected at the right side of the main pulmonary artery. A large amount of thrombus filled the aneurysm. After removing the thrombus, the LMT site of entry of the aneurysm was examined by administering antegrade cardioplegia. The site of entry was of pinhole size, and therefore we were able to close it directly with 5–0 and 4–0 Prolene sutures with felt strips. The lumen of the aneurysm was filled with a haemostatic agent (factor XIII with fibrinogen). Furthermore, the aneurysm wall was closed by double sutures using 4–0 Prolene. No particular complication was observed in weaning from the CPB (figure 2).
Cardiac catheterisation. (A) Cardiac catheterisation revealed jet blood flow 10 mm away from the left main coronary orifice. (B) Coronary artery CT showing a giant saccular coronary aneurysm with a diameter of 40 mm on the posterior side of the pulmonary artery. LMT, left main coronary artery.
The surgery. (A) A large amount of thrombus filled the aneurysm. (B) The entry point (arrow) was closed by 5–0 and 4–0 Prolene sutures with felt strips. Ao, aorta; LMT, left main coronary artery; PA, pulmonary artery.
A postoperative CACT confirmed the disappearance of the CAA and its drainage artery (figure 3).
Coronary artery CT after surgery confirmed the disappearance of the coronary aneurysm and its drainage artery. LMT, left main coronary artery.
Differential diagnosis
Clinical observations during surgery strongly suggested pseudoaneurysm; however, due to limited dissection, we could not obtain much of the aneurysmal wall to diagnose the condition macroscopically.
Treatment
The patient underwent surgery.
Outcome and follow-up
A postoperative CACT confirmed the disappearance of the CAA and its drainage artery (figure 3). The patient was discharged on postoperative day 16 and was followed up until September 2019.
Discussion
CAA located in the LMT has been recorded in only 22 of 22 000 (0.1%) catheterisations according to Topaz et al.4 This condition has multiple aetiologies, including atherosclerosis, Kawasaki disease, trauma, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, syphilis and other idiopathic causes.5 In general, CAA is defined as ectasia of the coronary artery lumen up to 1.5 times the normal diameter size. Among these aneurysms, the giant type is characterised by a diameter of >4 cm.6 The present case involved a giant type of aneurysm with a diameter of 40 mm. However, the prevalence of giant aneurysm is only 0.02%–0.2% and is much rarer than smaller aneurysms.7
The most important problem to consider is how to access an aneurysm originating near the site of the LMT orifice and at the posterior side of the main pulmonary artery. Indeed, between the aorta and the pulmonary artery (Ao-PA), there was severe adhesion which allowed only limited dissection. Initially, dissection of the ascending aorta seemed necessary in order to observe and treat the aneurysm; however, it was possible to access the aneurysm from the top, at the site of the Ao-PA, with only limited dissection allowed. The cardiac arrest enabled easy observation of the visual field, and the LMT site of entry was easily identified from the top of the aneurysm by administering an antegrade cardioplegic solution. The large cavity filled with blood clot was also good for operative observations; however, a large amount of blood clot is considered a risk factor for the occurrence of angina or myocardial infarction. It was essential to rid of all blood clot and tightly close the LMT site of entry and to identify the drainage arteries to prevent recurrence. The pinhole size of the LMT orifice allowed us to close it directly and firmly by sutures using felt strips. We also paid attention not to leave residual shunt and create a stenosis at the LMT by administering an antegrade cardioplegic solution. However, anxiety remained until the result of the surgery was confirmed by CACT. The surgery seemed very simple with direct access and closure of the LMT site of entry; some reports presented an aortotomy approach for sinus node artery aneurysm arising from the LMT or access from the aneurysmal sac drainage into the right atrium.8 9 It was also essential to identify the drainage arteries in case of recurrence; however, it was difficult to identify all the collateral vessels. Therefore, the cavity of the aneurysm was closed using a haemostatic agent (factor XIII with fibrinogen), and the meandering vessels identified on the frontal area of the pulmonary artery were closed as much as possible to prevent future dilatation. In the literature, there is no reported consensus on the treatment of giant coronary aneurysms. Our cardiac team first considered the use of covered stents, but we were anxious if it will successfully exclude the aneurysm. Kim et al 10 succeeded in treating a giant coronary aneurysm with percutaneous Viabahn covered stent insertion. Cotter et al 11 also reported successfully excluding the aneurysm with a long drug-eluting stent. However, both of these were limited to the RCA.
Clinical observations during surgery strongly suggested pseudoaneurysm; however, due to limited dissection, we could not obtain much of the aneurysmal wall to diagnose this condition macroscopically.Wang et al 12 reported the pathogenesis of coronary pseudoaneurysm is not well understood. One of the reasons might be due to incomplete rupture of the coronary artery induced by atherosclerotic, degenerative, congenital, inflammatory, traumatic causes and so on.
Only few studies have reported an aneurysm originating from the LMT after catheter treatment or surgery.13 However, in the present case, the patient had not undergone previous catheter examination or treatment. History and clinical observations during the surgery strongly suggested pseudoaneurysm due to atherosclerosis. We could not find other reports of pseudo-giant LMT coronary aneurysm. This might be the first report of an aneurysm that was successfully treated by direct limited entry through the aneurysm wall in the Ao-PA without dissecting the ascending aorta or the main pulmonary artery.
Learning points
Left main coronary artery aneurysm is difficult to access due to the peripheral structures.
How the aneurysm is accessed is very important as it determines the result of the surgery.
Idiopathic coronary aneurysm is an extremely rare case.
Footnotes
Contributors KN and KO were involved in direct patient care. KN, TA and HH planned, collected the data and prepared the manuscript. KN supervised the preparation of the manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Obtained.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.