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Summary
Until today the role of spinal instrumentation in the presence of a wound infection has been widely discussed and recently many authors leave the hardware in place with appropriate antibiotic therapy. This is a case of a 65-year-old woman suffering from degenerative scoliosis and osteoporotic multiple vertebral collapses treated with posterior dorsolumbar stabilisation with screws and rods. Four months later, skin necrosis and infection appeared in the cranial wound with exposure of the rods. A surgical procedure of debridement of the infected tissue and package with a myocutaneous trapezius muscle flap was performed. One week after surgery, negative pressure wound therapy was started on the residual skin defect. The wound healed after 2 months. The aim of this case report is to focus on the utility of this method even in the case of hardware exposure and infection. This may help avoid removing instrumentation and creating instability.
- Infections
- Infection (neurology)
- Spinal Cord
- Surgery
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Background
Surgical site infection after posterior spinal stabilisation is a serious complication. In some studies, the incidence of site infection after spinal surgery ranges from 0.7% to 12%.1–3 The removal of hardware is associated with certain complications such as pseudoarthrosis and poor prognosis. A new surgical procedure of stabilisation will be made no earlier than 4/6 months from infection, with risk of complications associated with prolonged immobility. To date, however, there are no clear predictors whether we can safely set a new stabilisation.4 In infected wounds, titanium and stainless steel tend to act as substrates for bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, thereby reducing antibiotic penetration.5 Compared with stainless steel, titanium is less prone to colonisation,6 7 therefore, today it is the material of choice for spinal stabilisation.
Negative pressure wound therapy (vacuum-assisted closure (VAC)) for the treatment of infected skin wounds was popularised by Argenta and Morykwas with good results in the USA.8 Today this technique is commonly used by plastic surgeons to treat chronic wounds or other problematic acute wounds. In spinal surgery, the use of the stabilisation devices may be difficult in patients with thin skin or cachexia and the exposure of prosthesis cause devastating complications in such patients. The possibility to use a non-invasive therapy allowing wound healing without prosthesis removal is a big advantage. The removal of spinal stabilisation can be carried out if the wound pressure therapy does not produce improvement in a reasonable lapse of time (1 or 2 months), or when the local infection worsens over time. The first therapeutic act is, however, namely the surgical cleaning of the infected wound and then application of VAC and targeted antibiotic therapy.
Case presentation
This is a case of a 62-year-old woman with a history of osteoporotic multiple vertebral collapses treated with posterior stabilisation with screws and rods from D3 to D12. She was a very thin patient with almost no subcutaneous fat (figure 1). The second operation was an extension of stabilisation to the cervical level (figure 2). Due to the dehiscence of the cranial end of the wound, cervical instrumentation was removed and the dorsal rods were cut at T4–T5 level and bilateral T3–T4 screws were removed as well (figure 3). On removal of stitches 12 days from surgery, the wound reopened (figure 4). The cultural examination of the wound was found to be positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
Patient came to our attention with severe kyphosis and evident spinal instrumentation at the subcutaneous level.
Extension of stabilisation to the cervical level.
Wound dehiscence after extension of stabilisation to the cervical level.
Wound dehiscence after the second surgical procedure of cervical instrumentation removal.
Treatment
After 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy (piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium 500 mg /two times a day), a revision of the surgical wound was performed using a myocutaneous trapezius muscle flap (figure 5). The remainder skin discontinuity (figure 6) of 3 cm wide was treated with VAC and antibiotics (after 10 days of vancomycin 500 mg four times a day, therapy was continued with piperacillin sodium/tazobactam 500 mg two times a day for the whole hospitalisation period) for 2 months with complete recovery (figure 7). The wound was covered with one layer of non-adherent dressing, and the sponge was applied with plaster. To ensure the dressing sealing, a pressure bandage was applied to the wound along with manual compression in order to get rid of any air space. The pressure was lowered to 125 mm Hg. The sponge was replaced every 3–4 days. The patient was positioned in lateral position when recumbent in her bed.
Revision of the surgical wound with a myocutaneous trapezius muscle flap.
Little wound dehiscence after surgical wound revision.
Vacuum-assisted closure.
Outcome and follow-up
Resolution of the presenting clinical symptoms and signs was achieved immediately after the operation of a myocutaneous trapezius muscle flap. The recovery of residual skin defect was accomplished after 2 months of VAC therapy (figure 8). During the VAC therapy, antibiotics were continued.
Wound closure after 2 months of VAC. VAC, vacuum-assisted closure.
Discussion
Postoperative spinal infection occurs in 1%–5% of patients undergoing spine surgery.9–11 The risk is highest in patients undergoing posterior approaches, such as lumbar surgery, spinal augmented procedures or long surgical times. Furthermore, infection of spinal hardware may be possible in the case of obesity, diabetes and alcohol abuse.12 In patients with spinal wound infection, it may be very difficult to choose the right medical or surgical treatment. Reopening the wound by means of a new surgical approach may be very troublesome when stabilisation has been implanted. Today titanium instrumentation grants an advantage: titanium alloy is less prone to colonisation than stainless steel. Titanium is handy and widely used in spinal stabilisation particularly in traumatic pathologies of the column.13 14 In vitro studies suggest that biofilm can blocks antibiotics, phagocytes and other humoral immune responders making infection relatively resistant to host-defensive mechanisms and antibiotics.6 7 As the removal of the spinal hardware in infected patients causes postoperative instability, it is useful to identify a non-surgical procedure that allows treating surgical infections without removing the hardware. At the same time, it is necessary to facilitate the closure of the surgical wound too. Until today multiple techniques have been used helping for delayed wound closure.15 16 Negative pressure wound therapy (VAC) has been widely used for many years to treat complicated wounds and in case of failure of a surgical procedure. In the present case VAC therapy, also in the presence of a wound infection, allowed the healing of the wound without removing the hardware. This is in line with the current trend to maintain hardware in infected patients too.17 Moreover, in recent years, direct spinal fixation following the debridement of the tuberculous spondylitis or pyogenic discitis has been conducted and fixation combined with aggressive antibiotic therapy resulted in healing of many spinal infections. The VAC therapy in infected wound may be very useful as a significant increase of antibiotic concentration in the infected tissue treated by VAC therapy is demonstrated.18 19 In patients with infected wounds, it is necessary to maintain antibiotics until the wound heals completely and negative wound culture is obtained. Posterior screws fixation with titanium in the case of infected wound is the material of choice. The first option in case of wound infection and exposure of the hardware is debridement of the wound, primary closure and antibiotic therapy. In the case of incomplete wound closure or failure of surgical therapy, the use of negative wound pressure (VAC) may allow the final closure of the wound even in spinal surgery with vertebral stabilisation. Only in the case of abscess or resistant infection, a new surgical procedure with removal of the spinal fixation may be necessary.
Learning points
Negative pressure wound therapy may be useful to treat skin defect especially when wound infection is present, even in the case of spinal hardware exposure.
By leaving the hardware in place many complications such as pseudoarthrosis, instability or kyphosis with chronic pain and finally inability to work can be avoided.
The removal of spinal instrumentation might be necessary if vacuum-assisted closure therapy does not produce a satisfactory improvement in a reasonable lapse of time.
References
Footnotes
Contributors MD: design of the work; FM: drafting; DN: revising and MS: final approving.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.