Buruli ulcers result from an initial skin infection that often leads to extensive tissue necrosis. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans, a bacterium prevalent in humid, rural tropical areas. Several thousand people are infected each year, especially in Africa, where Buruli ulcers are a source of major disability. A combination of oral rifampicin and injectable streptomycin is effective. Surgical treatment and functional rehabilitation are often necessary. Diagnostic tests suitable for use in primary care settings are needed, along with well-tolerated, effective oral treatments.