Description

A 20-year-old woman presented with gradually progressive proptosis and inability to completely close her eyes. She reported no trauma, sinusitis or history of thyroid disease. Examination revealed bilateral painless cervical lymphadenopathy and proptosis. Eye abduction was limited; the rest of the extraocular movements were intact. Haemogram and thyroid function tests were in the normal range. MRI of the brain demonstrated bilateral bulky intraconal masses with stretching of the optic nerve and effacement of the extraocular muscles (figure 1). Lymph node biopsy revealed pericapsular fibrosis and infiltration of large cells staining positive for S-100 and CD68, characteristic of a histiocyte disorder. CD1a was negative. No evidence of bone disease was identified. A diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) was made, and single-agent clofarabine initiated. The course was complicated by neutropenic fevers, shingles and nausea. MRI showed stable disease in the orbits (figure 2) but complete resolution of cervical lymphadenopathy clinically, and on extension of MRI, down to the neck.

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Figure 1

MRI of the brain (T1 postgadolinium) showing bilateral bulky intraconal masses with homogeneous contrast enhancement. The masses are causing effacement of the extraocular muscles and significant proptosis with stretching of the optic nerve (red arrow). There is no tenting of the globe, suggestive of a chronic phenomenon. The intraocular contents appear grossly normal.

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Figure 2

MRI of the brain showing stable intraorbital disease.

RDD is a rare benign histiocytic disorder of uncertain aetiology, seen in young adults. Patients usually present with bulky lymphadenopathy. Extranodal sites of involvement include skin, soft tissue, bone, upper airways and retro-orbital tissue. Patients may present with proptosis secondary to orbital disease, as in our patient.1 Causes of proptosis include trauma, infection (cellulitis), thyroid disease, vascular lesions and neoplasms (meningioma). In our case, sarcoidosis and lymphoma were considered given the additional cervical lymphadenopathy. Infectious aetiologies were also considered; proptosis can occur with sinusitis, orbital cellulitis and meningitis, but the patient had a subacute presentation and was not acutely ill. Rare fungal and slow-growing atypical organisms can cause eye infection and proptosis but are usually accompanied by ‘B’ symptoms and a more acute course. Gradual progressive proptosis is suggestive of a benign growth, such as RDD. Pathology is diagnostic with characteristic ‘emperipolesis’, where lymphocytes reside in the cytoplasm of the histiocytes, and negative CD1a, differentiating it from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Treatment strategies are variable, including surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy, depending on disease site and extent.2 Clofarabine has been especially effective in bone and orbital disease, and is currently being received by our patient.3 Orbitotomy can be considered for these patients depending on their clinical response.